https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/ Journal of Economic & Developmental Sociology en daily 1 Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20901.html Introduction: The aim of the present study was the sociological analysis of consumption nationalism among the citizens of Tabriz. The present research method was qualitative. Methodology: The target population of the current research is the group of business experts and economic activists and citizens who were interested in the interview while familiarizing themselves with the subject, and the samples were interviewed until they reached theoretical saturation, and a total of 36 people were interviewed. After the interview, all the interviews were transcribed from the recorded files on paper, and coding, categorization, and extraction of the final categories were done. In this research, the factor of irreducibility (the core of the main category) with 37 concepts and 5 subcategories showed 2 main categories. Results: It is a factor that is considered important in the purchase choice and nationalism of Tabrizi consumers, and it includes two main categories of expediency (with the subcategories of commodityism, multidimensionalism, and instrumental rationality) and determinism (with the subcategories of breaking the foundation and in time). Conclusion: The categories obtained from the text of the interviews can be a guide for producers and can be used for planning to attract citizens to buy domestic products and nationalism in consumption. https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20903.html Introduction: The aim of the research is to understand the changes and transformations in cooperatism (or the cooperative movement) in Iranian society. This process leads to presenting a realistic picture and image of the status of this moral value, serving as a necessary step for comprehending the state of cooperatism and providing a basis for correctly engaging in the process of social and cultural policymaking. Methodology: The present research method is based on the secondary analysis of existing data. The statistical population for this data includes all citizens residing inside Iran. A random sample of 12,956 individuals was selected from this population across all provinces of the country. Based on the theoretical framework of the research, behavioral-attitudinal cooperatism was explained (or modeled) using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method utilizing the AMOS software. Results: The results of the Structural Equation Modeling test indicated a good fit of the model to the data. According to the proposed model, the issue of cooperatism in its attitudinal-behavioral dimension is influenced by various factors, including: The level of citizens' knowledge and awareness regarding cooperative companies. Attitude towards the cooperative and its performance. Perception of the moral values prevalent in society. History of membership and activity of individuals in various social institutions. Finally, citizens' social capital, which encompasses social relationships, interpersonal social trust, and institutional and generalized social trust. Conclusions: The results indicate that despite the economic nature of cooperative companies in the current circumstances, their condition for success reverts to the social context within the society. Therefore, policymakers must focus on strengthening social infrastructures and institutional trust as a fundamental step for the development of cooperatism in Iran. https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20904.html Introduction: The aging population is one of the major challenges that many countries are facing today. The importance of this phenomenon has arisen due to important reasons, including the risk of reducing the birth rate, and it has not only led to change in the population structure, but also has deep effects on various economic aspects, including the shadow economy. The shadow economy, which includes activities that are carried out outside of the government's official supervision and registration, has become one of the most important topics in economic studies. It should be noted that the investigated period in this research is 1369-1399.Methodology: In this article, first, in order to investigate the direction of causality between the aging population and the shadow economy, the Granger causality method is used, and then, the ARDL method is used to investigate the significant relationship between variables.Results: The results of the causality method show an one-way causal relationship from the aging population to the shadow economy. Also, the findings from the estimation of the model indicate that in both the long term and the short term, an increase in the aging population leads to an increase in the shadow economy. So that in the short term, with a one percent increase in the population over 65 years, the shadow economy will increase by 3.475 percent, and in the long term, with a one percent increase in the population over 65 years, the shadow economy will increase by 1.255 percent.Conclusions: The findings emphasize that there is a positive relationship between the shadow economy and the aging population https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20906.html Introduction: Employing a sociological approach based on Ulrich Beck's 'Risk Society' theory, this study investigates the structural factors affecting the growing tendency of Iranians towards the cryptocurrency market. The main objective of the study is to identify how social, economic, and political conditions influence individuals' decisions to enter this market and to explain the role of cryptocurrencies as an individual strategy for coping with structural risks and uncertainties in Iranian society. Methodology: The present study was conducted using a survey method and an online questionnaire. Sampling was done through stratified random sampling from 1650 individuals in 12 provinces of the country, based on population distribution and level of participation in the cryptocurrency market. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (including frequency distribution tables, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (including Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression, and path analysis). Results: Based on Pearson correlation coefficients, significant and direct relationships were observed between perceived economic, social, and political risks and the level of participation in the cryptocurrency market. In the multiple regression model, perceived economic risk with a beta coefficient of 0.55 was identified as the strongest predictor of market participation, followed by social risk (β = 0.30) and political risk (β = 0.15). Furthermore, path analysis results revealed that socioeconomic status and perceived risk, in addition to their direct effects on the outcomes of market participation, also indirectly influence both positive and negative consequences of cryptocurrency market activity through their impact on the level of participation. Conclusions: Given Iran's socio-economic conditions - including job dissatisfaction, high inflation, international sanctions, and distrust in state financial institutions - cryptocurrencies have emerged as an individual strategy for managing structural risks, yet in practice have themselves become a source of new risks. Therefore, effective policymaking in this area requires simultaneous attention to various aspects including transparent market regulation, reducing structural inequalities, restoring institutional trust, and enhancing financial literacy https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21028.html Introduction: The digital environment has profoundly reshaped teaching and learning mechanisms, redefined the relationship between universities and society, and transformed fundamental concepts such as classrooms, teachers, and education itself. These transformative changes have created an urgent need to critically reconsider and comprehensively redesign higher education policy. The purpose of this study is to critically examine, analyze, and rethink the underlying assumptions informing public policymaking for the digital transformation of higher education.Methodology: Adopting a qualitative approach, the research systematically analyzed more than 50 policy documents, scholarly articles, and official reports, combined with targeted searches in international databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Special attention was given to the policy experiences of leading countries in the field of higher education digitalization. The data were examined and interpreted using thematic analysis, ensuring an in-depth understanding of recurring patterns and emerging themes.Results: The findings were organized into five major dimensions: (1) reassessing policy assumptions by moving beyond static and hierarchical views while emphasizing innovation, cultural diversity, multidimensionality, and international dynamism; (2) analyzing the digital context with a focus on volatility, flexibility, speed of change, agility, and future-oriented perspectives; (3) strengthening stakeholder engagement through continuous interaction, justice, transparency, and accountability; (4) designing flexible policies characterized by integration, alignment, standardization, and monitoring; and (5) establishing continuous feedback loops to enable lifelong learning, self-correction, and systematic evaluation of policy impacts.Conclusions: The study concludes that redefining and rethinking traditional policy assumptions in higher education is essential to align with the rapid pace of technological change and to develop strategies that are adaptive, resilient, contextually relevant, and capable of addressing emerging challenges in the digital era. https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20902.html Introduction: One of the fundamental and essential needs is the need for cleanliness. The need for cleanliness and tidiness is important and a priority both at the individual and social levels. It seems that maintaining cleanliness is one of the concerns in most societies and a desirable value in many cultures. In order to maintain cleanliness and tidiness in social living environments and contexts, cleaners are responsible for maintaining the cleanliness of the urban environment today. Despite the importance of this responsibility, urban cleaners face various issues and challenges in their careers. For this purpose, the present study seeks to examine their occupational hazards from a critical perspective and to portray the problems and complexities of their lives, which are caused by their low status among other jobs. Methodology: This study was conducted using the critical ethnography method using the Carspecken method Results: After conducting initial studies based on an etic approach, field surveys, participatory observations, and accompaniment with them, twenty respected street sweepers were selected at Yazd different areas and interviewed (emic approach). The collected data were then coded and the main categories, which include occupational/social status, economic deprivation and working conditions, labor relations, and occupational risk-taking, were extracted. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the increasing occupational risk-taking not only in the workplace but also in the personal lives of sweepers has significant effects and make sweepers living conditions problematic.The results of this study showed that the increasing occupational risk-taking not only in the workplace but also in the personal lives of sweepers has significant effects and make sweepers living conditions problematic. https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20905.html Introduction: Throughout its history, the art of handmade carpet has embodied both functional and aesthetic dimensions, serving various roles across different social domains. However, in contemporary times, this art form has undergone significant transformations in both function and meaning, shifting from a utilitarian-aesthetic craft to an object of pure aesthetic appreciation within the realm of art proper. As a result, the handmade carpet now transcends its traditional function and is increasingly represented as a form of conceptual art in the contemporary cultural context.The central question of this study is: from a cultural sociology perspective, what factors contribute to the transformation of the handmade carpet’s status and function, turning it into a conceptual subject? Methodology: This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach and is based on qualitative content analysis. The theoretical framework is grounded in cultural sociology, and the study analyzes conceptual patterns in handmade carpets using indicators derived from this framework. The purposive sample includes eight artworks from the Namira collection, created by contemporary artist Mohsen Mousavi Seirat. These works serve as case studies for examining the handmade carpet as a conceptual subject, allowing for broader generalization within this field.Data were collected from written and visual sources, along with semi-structured interviews conducted with 13 experts in the field to identify the key factors influencing the changing function of handmade carpet in contemporary Iranian society. Results: The findings reveal six principal components, from the perspective of cultural sociology, that impact the transformation of the carpet’s function: identity, technology, power, institutions, cultural confrontation and resistance, and cultural innovation and change. Conclusions: These factors, operating at both individual and collective levels, play a pivotal role in redefining the handmade carpet as a conceptual subject. The conscious utilization of these factors by stakeholders in this field may contribute to elevating the global status of this art form https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21030.html Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the social construction of the concept of femininity and its intergenerational transformations in the city of Kerman. The primary objective was to explore and compare the perceptions of three distinct generations/grandmothers, mothers, and daughters/regarding this concept, and to identify the core themes shaping the discourse of femininity within each cohort. Grounded in an interpretive paradigm, this qualitative research employed semi-structured interviews with 32 women residing in Kerman. Methodology: Data collection continued independently for each generation until theoretical saturation was achieved. Participants were selected through purposive sampling with maximum variation,comprising 16 daughters(born1991-2001), 10 mothers(born1971-1981), and 6 grandmothers(born before1961).The data were subsequently analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Data analysis led to the extraction of three distinct main themes that reflected the ultimate outcome of the construction of femininity in each generation: "Femininity as Mother-Wife, Preserver of Culture and Tradition"for the grandmothers; "Femininity as an Empowered Woman in Society and Family"for the mothers; and "Femininity as Agency and Autonomy"for the daughters. The findings illustrate a clear evolution of femininity from a focus on the private sphere toward active participation in the public arena, with a growing emphasis on individual agency. Conclusions: The study concludes that femininity is a fluid historical and cultural construct, continuously reproduced at the intersection of individual agency and structural constraints. Its innovative contribution lies in its comparative, intergenerational analysis and the identification of three dominant discourses. For cultural policymakers and planners,these findings underscore the necessity of recognizing the diversity and dynamism of generational constructions of femininity to effectively understand women's issues and formulate relevant strategies. https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21033.html Introduction: This study examines the economic, familial, and lifestyle factors influencing 18-35-year-old youth in Hamadan Province in 2023 and their impact on marriage inclination. The family, as the smallest and most vital social institution, and marriage, as its foundation, hold significant religious and social importance. Methodology: This survey-based research employed Cochran sampling, selecting 388 young individuals from Hamadan Province as the sample. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and MATLAB software, applying Copula Functions and a Bayesian Approach with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. Results: The results revealed a positive and significant relationship between familial factors and marriage tendency. Similarly, economic factors showed a positive and significant correlation with marriage inclination. However, lifestyle factors exhibited a negative and significant association with the tendency to marry. Based on copula function analysis, familial factors had the greatest impact in explaining the variance of the dependent variable (marriage tendency). Conclusions: Family factors act as the main determinant of the tendency to be single among single youth in Hamedan province. This finding is supported by the results of the detailed Gumbel function and the positive correlation coefficient of family factors, which highlight the role of family support or pressure in marriage decisions. In contrast, economic and lifestyle factors, although significantly related to the tendency to be single, play a more complementary role due to their quasi-independence (according to the Gaussian function) and limited impact in extreme conditions. From a policy perspective, these results emphasize that any practical measures to reduce the number of singles and increase the tendency to marry should focus on strengthening family structures, reducing cultural pressures, and improving emotional and economic support. https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21031.html Introduction: The rise of the gig economy in Iran, facilitated by digital platforms, has introduced a new model of work. Through a critical analysis, this research re-examines Karl Marx’s theory of alienation within the context of Iran’s gig economy. It investigates how the four dimensions of alienation are reproduced or transformed under platform labor conditions and the role of legal and regulatory gaps in intensifying these experiences.Methodology: This qualitative study employs a documentary analysis method. Data were collected through the purposeful selection of legal documents and user agreements from key Iranian platforms (Snapp, Tapsi, and Achareh), media reports, and relevant academic research. The extracted data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.Results: The findings indicate that the legal and operational structure of platforms systematically exacerbates alienation. Alienation from the product occurs through the dispossession of gig workers’ control over pricing and the legal appropriation of their generated data as corporate assets. Alienation from the process of labor is a product of pervasive algorithmic control, constant surveillance, and automated penalties, reducing work to a non-autonomous, subservient activity. Alienation from species-being results from the denial of fundamental labor rights (such as insurance and job security), turning work into a mere means of survival. Finally, the atomization of the workforce and the weakening of solidarity through algorithm-driven competition lead to alienation from others. Legal and regulatory voids, particularly in defining the employment relationship and data governance, serve as the primary foundation for these exploitative relations.Conclusions: The gig economy in Iran represents not a rupture from, but a continuation and intensification of, capitalist logic in the digital age. It leverages technological tools and legal loopholes to impose new forms of alienation on workers. https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21029.html Introduction: This study investigates the desired number of children among young, first-time married individuals in Iran, utilizing national survey data from 2017-2018. Recognizing the influence of socio-economic shifts on declining fertility rates, the research explores the attitudes of this pivotal demographic group to understand future fertility trends. Methodology: This quantitative study analyzes secondary data from the 2017-2018 Iranian Marriage and Divorce Surveys to investigate the desired number of children among 8341 first-time married individuals nationwide (excluding a representative Tehran sample). A non-probability quota sampling proportional to 2016 marriages was employed. Data were collected via a researcher-made questionnaire assessing fertility desires and socio-demographic factors. SPSS-27 was used for descriptive and inferential analyses (Chi-square, correlation, regression) to identify influential factors. Results: Inferential statistics show that the desired number of children is significantly influenced by gender, age, number of siblings, income, religion, ethnicity, residence, and employment status. These findings underscore the complex interplay of socio-demographic factors shaping fertility desires in Iran. Conclusions: The study concludes that desired fertility among young Iranians is shaped by socio-demographic factors, with a prevalent preference for 1-2 children, aligning with the Value of Children theory. The focus should be on facilitating the desired two-child family norm rather than pushing for larger families https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21091.html Human development is one of the key topics in the development literature, directly affecting individual and social well-being. This issue is of particular importance in developing countries. This study seeks to explore the causal relationships between human development, good governance, and social capital. The research aims to empirically analyze these relationships in three developing countries, including Iran, Lebanon, and Pakistan. To test the relationships among the variables, the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method was employed using SMART-PLS software. The study period, determined by data availability, covers the years 1999 to 2022. Data were collected from the World Values Survey (WVS) to measure social capital, the World Bank’s governance indicators to assess good governance, and the United Nations Human Development Reports to measure human development. The results indicated that the relationship between good governance and human development was negative and moderate in Iran and Lebanon, while it was positive and moderate in Pakistan. Moreover, the relationship between social capital and good governance was negative in Iran and Lebanon, but positive in Pakistan. In contrast, social capital exhibited a positive and relatively strong relationship with human development in all countries under study, although the relationship was weaker in Lebanon. The findings suggest that social capital can act as an effective driver of human development, even within the context of weak governance. These results highlight the importance of designing policies that recognize social capital as one of the drivers of human development, while also accounting for the cultural and institutional specificities of each country in analyzing causal relationships among the variables. https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_15105.html There has been a special discourse on the body in every historical period. Due to the emergence of the post-modernist approaches, the body meanings have undergone radical changes and the body has become a valuable subject. The body is no longer regarded as a static entity, but as a dynamic entity in which making it beautiful and its management and direction towards an ideal form is considered as the duty and responsibility of every woman and girl. In this way, the self-concept of women is mainly linked with the body beauty. Therefore, it seems necessary to examine the relationship between self-concept and cosmetic consumption and its mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between different aspects of self-concept with the cosmetic consumption. This study was conducted among the female students in 2018-2019. It is a survey and a cross-sectional study and the data were collected using a questionnaire. The sample of the study included 384 people chosen through stratified sampling method and Cochran formula. The most important results of the present study are as follows: Doing make up increased the students' self-esteem. 95.3% of students reported that they do makeup usually or occasionally. From the students' view, the mean value of body was 74.75% and the need for aesthetic considerations was 74.8%. Body value has a significant positive correlation with the amount of desire to do make-up, and there was a significant positive correlation between the amount of self-esteem affected by doing makeup as well as "amount of desire to do make-up". The results of the study also show that there was a significant inverse correlation between the students' age and the amount of doing makeup and amount of tendency to do makeup. https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20294.html Achieving development in the present age is one of the goals of all countries and Iran is no exception, but achieving it depends on various social, economic, cultural and political factors. Economic concepts are of undeniable importance in people's lives, so the purpose of this study is to identify economic concepts that affect development.To identify the effective economic concepts of development in the city of Tabriz, a qualitative method was selected and data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique. The research sample consisted of 45 development specialists and city officials with executive positions (senior managers of municipalities and governorates, governorships, city council members, university professors, founders and activists of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and relevant officials). The sampling method was purposeful based on the method used and the purpose of the research.Findings showed that experts believe that the city of Tabriz has not achieved acceptable development. The interviewees consider 4 concepts involved in the development of Tabriz city, which are "Dissatisfaction with material well-being", "feeling of relative deprivation in relation to industry", "lack of attention to local industries" and "poor economic performance of government officials". Also "feeling of economic discrimination between the center and the periphery" and "lack of attention to transportation infrastructure" are intervening economic concepts in the development of Tabriz. The main theme of this study is "Weak economic governance (dysfunction of the economic subsystem)". These findings are consistent with the theories of Parsons, Lewis, Wallerstein, and empirical research. https://sociology.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20295.html The elders' lived space is considered as the felt space of psychological, sociological and etc. experiences that in somehow is influence their future functions. So, the purpose of this study was to identify lived space among elders of Tabriz city. The methodology used in this research was qualitative and explanatory phenomenological method and to collect data, and to collect data, semi-structured the statistical sample was used. Through purposeful method of sampling as 15 people considering saturation rule.. In this study, in order to gain validity of research findings resulted from the interviews technique of triplicity and also parallel technique and presenting data and its results analysis method of data gathering were applied. Also, the results of this research showed that several dimensions of structural, social, religious and psychological like being hopeful, having the feeling of happiness, feeling of loneliness, and rejection, and also way of behaving with the elders should be considered as pre-requisites of aging. Studies showed that 40% of the respondents were under the influence of the existing situation, but they tried to spend their lives happily.